{"id":39638,"date":"2016-08-16T08:29:13","date_gmt":"2016-08-16T02:59:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/new.editage.cn\/insights\/%e8%b0%83%e6%9f%a5%e6%a6%82%e8%a7%88%ef%bc%9a%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%e7%95%8c%e7%9b%ae%e5%89%8d%e9%9d%a2%e4%b8%b4%e7%9a%84-7-%e5%a4%a7%e9%97%ae%e9%a2%98"},"modified":"2026-01-07T16:22:49","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T10:52:49","slug":"diao-cha-gai-lan-ke-xue-jie-mu-qian-mian-lin-de-7-da-wen-ti-2616","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/new.editage.cn\/insights\/diao-cha-gai-lan-ke-xue-jie-mu-qian-mian-lin-de-7-da-wen-ti-2616\/","title":{"rendered":"\u8c03\u67e5\u6982\u89c8\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u76ee\u524d\u9762\u4e34\u7684 7 \u5927\u95ee\u9898"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u79d1\u7814\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u968f\u7740\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6bcf\u5929\u53d1\u8868\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u800c\u52a0\u5feb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u79d1\u7814\u754c\u4e5f\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u5a01\u80c1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e86\u89e3\u79d1\u7814\u754c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u54ea\u4e9b\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e13\u95e8\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u7f51\u7ad9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Vox<\/a> \u5bf9 270 \u540d\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u9879<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2016\/7\/14\/12016710\/science-challeges-research-funding-peer-review-process\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u8c03\u67e5<\/a>\u3002\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u5305\u542b\u5168\u7403\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u3001\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6559\u6388\u3001\u9886\u57df\u5956\u9879\u5f97\u4e3b\u548c\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u9986\u957f\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u56de\u590d\u90fd\u4e00\u81f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\u76ee\u524d\u79d1\u7814\u8fdb\u5c55\u662f\u201c\u5145\u6ee1\u51b2\u7a81\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u8feb\u8981\u201c\u5c06\u81ea\u4fdd\u653e\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u6700\u597d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u627e\u51fa\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e13\u4e1a\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u56de\u590d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u6b63\u9762\u4e34\u4e03\u5927\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. \u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7684\u8d22\u52a1\u5371\u673a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u4e00\u76f4\u4e3a\u4e86\u53d6\u5f97\u57fa\u91d1\u7126\u5934\u70c2\u989d\u3002\u867d\u7136\u79d1\u7814\u5de5\u4f5c\u5728\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u5341\u5e74\u5219\u662f\u5448\u73b0\u8870\u9000\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u5bf9\u5e74\u8f7b\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u6765\u8bf4\u7279\u522b\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e0e\u8d44\u6df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002Vox \u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u57fa\u91d1\u90fd\u53ea\u63d0\u4f9b\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u53d8\u5411\u9009\u62e9\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8868\u793a\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u662f\u6839\u636e\u57fa\u91d1\u5355\u4f4d\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u559c\u597d\u6765\u51b3\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u6587\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u662f\u6b21\u7ea7\u7684\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u4e5f\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. \u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u83b7\u5f97\u53d1\u8868<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u73b0\u53d1\u8868\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u7a81\u7834\u6027\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u6700\u88ab\u5c5e\u610f\u7684\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u88ab\u8feb\u8981\u5938\u5927\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u624d\u80fd\u53d1\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f1a\u7279\u522b\u4e13\u6ce8\u5728\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u67d0\u4e2a\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e2d\u52a8\u624b\u811a\uff0c\u8ba9\u7ed3\u679c\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5bf9\u671f\u520a\u66f4\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u4fd7\u79f0\u7684 p-hacking \u5c31\u662f\u6307\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u53ea\u62a5\u544a\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u663e\u8457\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u6b63\u5728\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/jama.jamanetwork.com\/article.aspx?articleid=2503172\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u751f\u7269\u533b\u836f\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u4e3a\u6ee5\u7528 P \u503c\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u9886\u57df<\/a>\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0a\u4e0d\u663e\u8457\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6d6a\u8d39\u4e86\u91d1\u94b1\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. \u7f3a\u4e4f\u590d\u5236\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u65e0\u6cd5\u91cd\u73b0\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u56f0\u6270\u79d1\u7814\u754c\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6700\u8fd1\u300a\u81ea\u7136\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8c03\u67e5\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5bf9\u53ef\u590d\u5236\u6027\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8c03\u67e5\u663e\u793a\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.cn\/insights\/is-the-reproducibility-crisis-real-an-overview-of-natures-survey\">\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u590d\u5236\u5371\u673a\u201d\u771f\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728<\/a>\u3002\u5176\u5b83\u963b\u788d\u590d\u5236\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u8bf8\u5982\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u6570\u636e\u548c\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u4f46\u8bbd\u523a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u79d1\u7814\u754c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u58eb\u662f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.cn\/insights\/why-are-replication-studies-so-rarely-published\">\u590d\u5236\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6000\u7591\u4eba\u58eb<\/a>\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u671f\u520a\u559c\u6b22\u53d1\u8868\u539f\u521b\u6709\u7a81\u7834\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u590d\u5236\u7814\u7a76<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.cn\/insights\/is-novelty-overrated-by-journals\">\u7f3a\u4e4f\u521b\u65b0<\/a>\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u8d44\u52a9\u5355\u4f4d\u90fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u7c7b\u4f3c\u539f\u56e0\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u6295\u5165\u8d44\u6e90\u5230\u590d\u5236\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u9a8c\u8bc1\u68c0\u6d4b\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>4. \u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u5ba1\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u5ba1\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u79d1\u7814\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u810a\u67f1\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u6709<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.cn\/insights\/the-peer-review-process-challenges-and-progress\">\u95ee\u9898<\/a>\u3002\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u5ba1\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fc7\u6ee4\u6389\u4e0d\u597d\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u8bba\u6587\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u5ba1\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u507f\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5ba1\u7a3f\u4eba\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f1a\u5ef6\u8fdf\u5ba1\u7a3f\u8fdb\u5ea6\u6216\u662f\u63d0\u4f9b\u6ca1\u6709\u7528\u7684\u5ba1\u7a3f\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u4f5c\u8005\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e3e\u62a5\u53d7\u5230\u5ba1\u7a3f\u4eba\u9738\u51cc\uff0c\u5f3a\u8feb\u4f5c\u8005<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.cn\/insights\/is-reviewers-demand-for-more-experiments-justified\">\u505a\u989d\u5916\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c<\/a>\u3001\u5f15\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u8bba\u6587\u3001\u505a\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u4fee\u6539\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u671f\u520a\u90fd\u91c7\u7528\u5355\u76f2\u8bc4\u5ba1\uff0c\u4f7f\u5ba1\u7a3f\u504f\u89c1\u548c\u540c\u884c\u5ac9\u5992\u6709\u673a\u53ef\u4e58\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u5ba1\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e5f\u8ba9\u7f16\u8f91\u3001\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u670d\u52a1\u516c\u53f8\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u673a\u5236\u505a\u51fa\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u5ba1\u8bc8\u6b3a\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u73b0\u884c\u7684\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u5ba1\u5236\u5ea6\u906d\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u653b\u51fb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>5. \u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u95ee\u9898<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5b66\u672f\u5708\u9010\u6e10\u5f80\u5f00\u653e\u79d1\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f00\u653e\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.cn\/insights\/a-brave-new-world-countries-embracing-open-data-mandates-for-scientific-progress\">\u7b7e\u7f72\u5f00\u653e\u6570\u636e\u6cd5\u89c4<\/a>\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.cn\/insights\/is-data-sharing-the-right-step-towards-open-science\">\u5f3a\u8feb\u5f00\u653e\u6570\u636e<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5927\u578b\u51fa\u7248\u5546\u7684\u671f\u520a\u4ecd\u7136\u91c7\u7528\u8ba2\u9605\u5236\u3002\u968f\u7740\u8ba2\u9605\u8d39\u7528\u9ad8\u6da8\uff0c\u8981\u4ed8\u8d39\u53d6\u5f97\u8ba2\u9605\u5236\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u8fd8\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u5355\u4f4d\u6765\u8bf4\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u56f0\u96be\u3002Vox \u8c03\u67e5\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4e5f\u5bf9\u6b64\u63d0\u51fa\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u8ba2\u9605\u5236\u51fa\u7248\u6a21\u5f0f\u751a\u81f3\u662fSci-Hub \u521b\u7acb\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u539f\u56e0\uff0cSci-Hub \u7f51\u7ad9\u63d0\u4f9b\u672a\u7ecf\u6388\u6743\u7684\u8ba2\u9605\u5236\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u4e0b\u8f7d\u94fe\u63a5\u3002\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u627e\u51fa\u8ba9\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u53d6\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>6. \u7f3a\u4e4f\u8db3\u591f\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6c9f\u901a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u79d1\u7814\u754c\u4e0e\u975e\u79d1\u7814\u754c\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u5de8\u5927\u843d\u5dee\u662f\u4f17\u6240\u7686\u77e5\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60c5\u51b5\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u6c9f\u901a\u8bef\u5dee\u3001\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u5206\u6b67\u3001\u5927\u4f17\u5728\u505a\u51b3\u5b9a\u65f6\u7f3a\u5c11\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7b49\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5bf9\u6b64\u8d1f\u6709\u5c11\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4ed6\u4eec\u503e\u5411\u4e0e\u5927\u4f17\u6c9f\u901a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4e4e\uff0c\u5927\u4f17\u4f9d\u8d56\u5a92\u4f53\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u800c\u5a92\u4f53\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.cn\/insights\/misinformation-in-science-news-how-the-media-shapes-public-understanding\">\u8bef\u4f20\u79d1\u5b66\u4e8b\u5b9e<\/a>\u7684\u6307\u8d23\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u672c\u8d28\u4e5f\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u79d1\u5b66\u6c9f\u901a\u4e0d\u826f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f15\u8d77\u5927\u4f17\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.editage.cn\/insights\/misinformation-in-science-news-the-role-of-the-scholarly-community\">\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u751a\u81f3\u671f\u520a\u4f1a\u5938\u5927\u7ed3\u679c\u6216\u662f\u53ea\u5ba3\u4f20\u9633\u6027\u7ed3\u679c\u6765\u8bef\u5bfc\u5927\u4f17<\/a>\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u5e94\u8be5\u627f\u62c5\u4f20\u8fbe\u79d1\u5b66\u771f\u5b9e\u6837\u8c8c\u7ed9\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u624d\u80fd\u8ba9\u5927\u4f17\u77e5\u9053\u79d1\u7814\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u7a0e\u91d1\u8981\u6295\u5165\u5230\u4ec0\u4e48\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>7. \u5b66\u672f\u751f\u6d3b<\/strong><strong>\/<\/strong><strong>\u535a\u58eb\u540e\u7684\u9ad8\u538b\u672c\u8d28<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u4e49\uff0c\u535a\u58eb\u540e\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u975e\u5e38\u5fd9\u788c\u75b2\u7d2f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u535a\u58eb\u540e\u662f\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9762\u4e34\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u4f4e\u5de5\u8d44\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u4f4e\u7b49\u6311\u6218\u3002\u867d\u7136\u535a\u58eb\u540e\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u5728\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4f46\u5b66\u672f\u7ec8\u8eab\u804c\u4f4d\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7b49\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u751a\u81f3\uff0c\u535a\u58eb\u8bfe\u7a0b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u529e\u6cd5\u8bad\u7ec3\u535a\u58eb\u540e\u5bfb\u627e\u975e\u5b66\u672f\u5708\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u751f\u6daf\u8fdb\u5c55\u4e0a\u6323\u624e\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9\u79d1\u7814\u6301\u7eed\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e74\u8f7b\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u4e3b\u6d41\u79d1\u5b66\u6240\u5438\u6536\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Vox 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